Phosphorus mining in Africa

Phosphorus Mining in Africa: A Key Resource for Agriculture and Food Security

Phosphorus is a critical element for global agriculture , essential for fertilizer production and crop growth . As the world faces growing food security challenges, phosphate rock — the primary source of phosphorus — has become a strategically important mineral .

Africa holds some of the largest phosphate reserves in the world , making the continent a major player in the global phosphorus supply chain . Here’s an overview of phosphorus mining in Africa :

1. Morocco and Western Sahara – The Global Leader

Morocco (including the disputed territory of Western Sahara ) controls over 70% of the world’s known phosphate reserves , making it the undisputed leader in phosphorus mining . The state-owned OCP Group (Office Chérifien des Phosphates) is one of the largest phosphate producers and exporters globally , supplying fertilizer to markets in Africa, Europe, and the Americas .

2. Tunisia – Longstanding Producer with Declining Output

Tunisia has been mining phosphates since the early 20th century, primarily in the Gafsa Basin . While production has declined due to resource depletion and political unrest , Tunisia remains a regional contributor to phosphate-based fertilizers.

3. Egypt – Expanding Phosphate Production

Egypt has significant phosphate rock reserves in the Red Sea Governorate and is investing in expanding extraction and processing capacity. The government aims to boost domestic fertilizer production and increase exports to Arab and African markets .

4. South Africa – Smaller Reserves, Industrial Use

South Africa has modest phosphate reserves , primarily used in chemical manufacturing and niche fertilizer blends . While not a major producer, the country plays a role in processing and distributing imported phosphate products across Southern Africa.

5. Emerging Exploration in Sub-Saharan Africa

Countries like Senegal, Mali, and Ethiopia are exploring potential phosphate deposits to support local agriculture and reduce fertilizer imports . These efforts are supported by international partnerships aimed at improving soil fertility and food security in the region.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: Which African country has the most phosphorus?
A: Morocco holds the world’s largest phosphate reserves , estimated at up to 70–80% of global resources , including those in Western Sahara.

Q: Why is phosphorus important for Africa?
A: Phosphorus is vital for agricultural productivity . Affordable access to phosphate-based fertilizers can help improve crop yields and combat food insecurity across the continent.

Q: Is phosphorus mining environmentally sustainable?
A: Large-scale phosphate mining can lead to habitat destruction, water pollution, and high energy use . However, modern practices focus on reducing waste, recycling, and cleaner processing methods .